One of the North Caucasus regions, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, with its entire complex of historically established socioeconomic and sociocultural characteristics, along with the entire country, is entering an "era of monumental change." This motivates the choice of research subject and the content of this article—an analysis of global and national (Russian) processes that shape the overall context of Kabardino-Balkaria's contemporary development and will likely shape its existence over the next 10-15 years. Primarily, this is the development of information and communications technologies, including artificial intelligence, and the fourth industrial revolution based on them. Russia is inevitably joining the global scientific and technological race, but it has an unfavorable starting position. The demographic transition is a serious constraint on the country's economic progress. Both the scientific and technological lag and demographic challenges have geopolitical dimensions. The world order is undergoing a transformation, and Russia cannot avoid its role as one of the centers in its new configuration. At the same time, regardless of the extent to which a region's territory is integrated into contemporary development processes, its fundamental trends will determine the structure of opportunities for each member of regional society. This situation poses a dual challenge for regional authorities and society. First, external (geopolitical) obstacles and internal (resource) constraints on proactive state policy for regional development increase the region's own responsibility and role in achieving its goals. Second, adaptation to the modern evolutionary process through individual innovative behavior, in the context of social relations are being "lifted out" from local contexts of interaction, poses the threat of disintegration of traditional sociocultural systems, a disruption in the historical continuity of their existence, and a loss of identity. This is a fundamental aspect of the problem of the interaction between tradition and innovation in the contemporary development of Kabardino-Balkaria.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the Adyghe (Circassian) and Armenian factors in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and their long-term historical consequences. The paper examines two opposing migration flows triggered by the war: a new wave of Adyghe muhajirism to the Ottoman Empire and the resettlement of Western Armenians to the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Special attention is paid to the role of M.T. Loris-Melikov in negotiations with the Ottoman Empire. The profound structural similarity between the historical destinies of the Armenians and the Adyghe people is revealed – they are both divided peoples who have become hostages to the contradictions between great powers. The provocative policy of Great Britain, which sought to use the Adyghe against Russia during the Caucasian and Crimean Wars, is analysed, as are the West's modern attempts to capitalize on the memory of the Adyghe during the 2014 Olympic Games. To identify common patterns in the destinies of the peoples of the Caucasus, Georgian material is also drawn upon: Russia's role in the physical preservation of the Georgian people and the participation of Georgian representatives in the Soviet state elite are considered as a comparative context. The final part analyses the current policies of Yerevan and Tbilisi, emphasising that the current leadership of these countries is forgetting the role of Russia in the physical preservation of their peoples and the creation of statehood, and is also repeating the tragic mistakes of the past, focusing on the West.

The article examines the discourse of government bodies of the Russian Empire around the transformation of military-people's administrations in the Terek Region in the 1860s. Within the framework of historical institutionalism, the article analyzes how the projects of these transformations were formulated, justified and adjusted in the documents of the Commander of the Caucasian Army, the War Ministry, the General Staff and the Caucasian Committee. It is shown that the discussion took the form of a multi-level departmental debate: the Commander of the Caucasian Army acted as the initiator of the transformations, the War Ministry insisted on reducing expenditures and gradual introduction of new structures, and the Caucasian Committee served as a coordinating authority. It was established that there were no fundamental disagreements on the structure of administration, the creation of the guard and people's courts – the discussion focused on financial issues. The result was the approval on May 29, 1862 of the Regulation on the Administration of the Terek Region and the Regulation on the Guard, which consolidated a compromise model of administration.

Russia; Caucasus; Nalchik district; businessmen; entrepreneurial practices; grain dumping; carrying weapons; petition

The article is devoted to the characterization of the powers of the Nalchik District Administration based on the analysis of its administrative documentation on accounting and monitoring the condition of roads and bridges in the 1880s – the period of the formation of the Nalchik District as a new administrative unit within the Terek Region after the transformation of the Pyatigorsk District in 1882. Within the framework of historical institutionalism, the process of formation and implementation of the functions of district and local administrative bodies in the social sphere is considered on the materials of the administrative documents of the Central State Archive Administration of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (Fund I-6 "Nalchik District Administration"). It is shown that the district administration exercised regulatory control over the condition of communication routes based on the Roads Charter, issued circulars and instructions to subordinate stanitsa atamans and village elders, carried out project activities for the construction of new communications, including a wheeled road to the Balkar Society, and interacted with the Terek Regional Administration and its construction department. The local administrations of the Nalchik District ensured the direct maintenance of roads and bridges by the forces of the local population within the framework of natural duty, compiled name lists of workers and sent reports on the condition of communications. It is concluded that the analyzed system of distribution of powers between the district and local levels illustrates the expansion of the functionality of sustainable administrative institutions in the late imperial period.

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the system of financial management institutions in the Tersk region in the late 19th – early 20th century. Based on the materials of the address calendars of the Tersk Calendars for 1891–1915, the structure, dynamics and trends of transformations of financial bodies subordinated to the Ministry of Finance are considered: the treasury chamber, district treasuries, tax presences, excise districts and bank departments. Within the framework of historical institutionalism, it is shown how the formal organizational structures that ensured the implementation of the financial function of the state on the southern outskirts of the Russian Empire were formed, transformed and interacted. It was established that during the period under review, the number of district treasuries increased from five to seven, the former hierarchy of tax presences was replaced by the institute of tax inspectors, the number of which reached nine, and the excise administration underwent reorganization with the transfer of the presence seat from Stavropol to Vladikavkaz. A significant expansion of the credit infrastructure was revealed: branches of the State Bank, the Azov-Don Commercial Bank, the Russian-Asian Bank and the Caucasian Bank, mutual credit societies and small credit institutions appeared. It is concluded that the evolution of financial institutions in the Tersk region was characterized by decentralization of management, complication of the tax apparatus and development of the credit system, which reflected the general trends of integration of the multinational region into the unified economic space of the empire.

In the presented study, the author attempts to examine the content of regional religious policy in the Kuban-Black Sea region in the period from 1920 to 1924. The policy of the Bolsheviks towards the Russian Orthodox Church was formulated in the works of party leaders and program documents, and later it was reflected in the first decrees of the Soviet government. The Bolsheviks' priority task was to eliminate the church as the guardian of the spiritual and cultural heritage, which contradicted their ideological principles. It is established that the regional policy in the Cossack region had no fundamental differences from the all-Russian ones, which consisted in the period 1920-1924 in the growth of repressive measures of the RCP(b) against the Russian Orthodox Church. The slight weakening of anti-religious policy in 1924 did not mean that the Bolsheviks abandoned their principles in opposition to the Russian Orthodox Church. The author of the article uses materials from the central and regional archives, which contain information about the nature of the religious policy of the Bolsheviks. Collections of documents that clarify the context of the study are involved. 

The article is devoted to the emergence of the Russian Communist Youth Union in the Adygea Autonomous Region in the early 1920s. The conditions for the formation of the first Komsomol cells in the national autonomy are revealed. The RKSM was based on cells that were created in the villages and villages of the region, as well as in agricultural cooperatives and partnerships. The dynamics of the growth of the regional youth organization in 1922-1924 is traced. The peculiarities of the personnel structure of the regional organizing bureau of the RKSM, which was dominated by specialists seconded from other regions, were determined. It was noted that there was no accounting of the management personnel and secretaries of primary organizations at this stage. One of the most important factors in the work of the organizational bureau was taking into account the national composition of the population and working with the Adyghe youth. The organizational and legal registration of the Adygea Autonomous Region in 1922 contributed to the gradual normalization of the activities of the primary Komsomol organizations. Joining a mass organization and increasing the level of political literacy opened up the Soviet elevators of social mobility for young people. The involvement of young Adygs in this process was one of the organization's priorities. From 1922 to 1924, the primary cells of the RKSM in the AAO formed into a single organization.

The article is devoted to the political biography of Vladimir Markovich Putnin (Voldemar Putniš), a Soviet politician of Latvian origin from the pre-war period, who belonged to the Stalinist «middle-level» nomenclature. Until now, Putnin’s identity has remained in the shadows and, apart from brief information in some reference books, has not been covered in historical literature, including in studies by North Caucasian historians. Meanwhile, Putnin held senior positions in the North Caucasus region from January 1931 to August 1935. The article pays special attention to the role of the well-known Soviet party figure Boris Petrovich Sheboldaev in promoting Putnin’s career. Indeed, the close relationship between the two politicians and Sheboldaev’s patronage prior to 1934 facilitated Putnin’s career advancement. However, after the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), during which Sheboldaev attempted to initiate the appointment of S.M. Kirov as General Secretary, their connection not only created certain obstacles to Putnin’s nomenklatura advancement but ultimately led to his arrest and execution on trumped-up charges.

In this article, the authors examine the problem of preserving and perpetuating the memory of the Great Patriotic War as a fundamental factor in fostering patriotism and maintaining the continuity of generations. It is emphasized that, to this end, the high status of the Great Patriotic War as a principal historical value of Russian society must be retained in the memory of all generations of Russians. Accordingly, it is necessary to ensure the connection and continuity of the past, the present, and the future. Considerable attention is devoted to analysing the contradictory state of the European continent in the pre-war period, as well as the strategies and tactics pursued by states on the eve of the war; the attempts to blame the Soviet Union for unleashing the Second World War and the Great Patriotic War are refuted. Particular emphasis is placed on the essential content and inherent contradictions of the Soviet–German treaty: on the one hand, Germany sought rapprochement with the Soviet Union in order to implement its strategy of conquest in the West and subsequently advance against the USSR; on the other hand, the Soviet leadership agreed to rapprochement with Germany with the aim of gaining a certain period of time to prepare for the impending attack, of which the country's leadership was convinced. The article employs current conceptual approaches to elucidate the reasons behind the fascists' choice of the Caucasus as one of the principal objects of conquest. New materials are drawn upon, revealing the heroism and courage displayed by soldiers, officers, and the civilian population during the defence of Nalchik and the Republic.

Based on archival data, the article examines the process of introducing the provisions of the "Kosygin" reform into the economic practice of the Tyrnyauz tungsten-molybdenum plant, as stipulated by the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated October 4, 1965, No. 729 "On improving planning and strengthening the economic incentives for industrial production." TVMK was transferred to new planning and economic incentive conditions on July 1, 1968. During this period, the company received new tunneling equipment, and economic incentive measures led to its accelerated development with the establishment of an All-Union record in 1970. The authors analyze this activity and compare it with elements of the Stakhanov movement during the second five-year plan of 1932–1937 in the USSR.

The paper examines the peculiarities of the functioning of mosques in Kabardino-Balkaria during the Soviet period. Their role and place in society in the period preceding 1917 are considered. It is concluded that their activities were multidisciplinary. The article reveals the specifics of the position of mosques in the early years of Soviet power. The beginning of the implementation of measures to progressively close them and redevelop them is associated with the deployment of the processes of comprehensive socialist modernization. The sharp decline in the number of mosques that occurred in the second half of the 20s and early 30s of the 20th century is explained by internal processes in the KBAO, mainly by mass peasant unrest. It is noted that during the occupation of the territory of the republic during the Great Patriotic War (August 1942 – January 1943), the German command carried out active measures to reopen mosques, which was an integral part of their policy aimed at attracting the local population. It is argued that in the post-war Soviet decades, a typical system of circumvention of the requirements of current legislation regarding religious buildings took root and spread widely in the republic. It consisted mainly of giving them the status of outbuildings that were not subject to official registration. Similar structures in Kabardino-Balkaria in the 40s–80s were present in many settlements and represented the main form of mosques operating in the period under review.

The article examines the role and place of dance in the life of the Karachay-Balkar aristocracy. The stated topic has not previously been the subject of special scientific study, which determines its relevance. The work analyzes linguistic data, specifically the connection between the Karachay-Balkar title biy (prince) and the word for dance (biy) among certain Turkic peoples, which is interpreted as a relic of the ancient ritual significance of dances performed by tribal leaders. The study demonstrates that dancing proficiency was mandatory for representatives of the Karachay-Balkar upper class; in this context, an analogy is drawn with European and Russian aristocracy. Initiation rites involving dance trials for both girls and boys from princely families are considered. Based on eyewitness accounts and photographic materials from the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries, specific dances performed by the aristocracy, as well as the etiquette norms accompanying them, are described. Particular attention is paid to documentary evidence regarding the outstanding mastery of noble families: Balkarukovs, Krym-Shamkhalovs, Misakovs, and Urusbievs. The tradition of firing firearms during dances, which sometimes led to tragic consequences, is also noted. It is emphasized that critical remarks by some observers regarding the monotony of the dances they witnessed may have stemmed from a misunderstanding of the internal culture, aristocratic etiquette, and strict adherence to traditional movements. The article provides examples of how the art of dance helped members of the Karachay-Balkar aristocracy survive under conditions of emigration in the post-October Revolution period. The concluding section shows the continuity of dance traditions: descendants of the Karachay-Balkar aristocracy in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods continued to professionally engage in national choreography (performers of ensembles such as "Kabardinka", "Balkaria", and émigré troupes), preserving and developing their ancestors' art. An interdisciplinary approach was applied in the research, utilizing methods such as narrative, historical-genetic, historical-comparative, contextual analysis, and visual source analysis.

In the context of the development of traditional culture, the problem of preserving the national clothing of the Dagestani peoples as an important component of ethnic identity becomes particularly relevant. For centuries, women's clothing has reflected historical and cultural traditions, the ethnic specificity of the people, and has been an important source of information. An analysis of the current state of this problem shows that the traditions of national clothing are being eroded in the context of the re-Islamization of society. This is most evident in women's clothing. The adoption of clothing styles from Arab countries is widespread, driven by Islamic requirements. It is concluded that despite the socio-cultural transformations of society in the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods, the traditional clothing of the Dagestani peoples retained its ethnic and cultural characteristics. Today, this requires significant efforts from society and the state. The public consciousness of Dagestanis should be shaped to understand that national clothing is not only an important part of material culture, but also an ethnic code for many generations of Dagestani people.

The article explores the dynamics of social transformations in modern Chechnya in the context of memory politics, the significance of historical memory and memorial culture for the formation of identity and social cohesion in society. Based on field materials and literary data, the article analyzes how the reinterpretation of historical memory and changes in the memorial landscape influence the creation of collective identity and the restoration of social connections. The article focuses on the processes of decommunization, the transformation of urban toponymy, and contemporary holidays that reflect the society's desire to restore traditional symbols and values. The article examines changes in the role of women and young people in Chechen society, as well as positive trends in education and employment. In conclusion, it is emphasized that the policy of memory in Chechnya, despite historical traumas, plays a key role in the social transformations and daily life of Chechen society as part of Russian society.

This publication presents an expanded set of archival documents dedicated to the forced resettlement of citizens from the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR to remote areas of the USSR in 1944, when the republic was also liquidated as a state entity. The forced resettlement affected ethnic communities of the North Caucasus, in particular representatives of the peoples of the former Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR. The content of events related to the beginning of rehabilitation in 1956–1957 is revealed, as well as the rehabilitation of citizens belonging to 19 peoples and representatives of 43 different nationalities. The publication contains information about the rehabilitation of peoples based on documents testifying to the lifting of the status of special settlers and the possibility of returning to their region of residence. Much of the solution to the problems that arose was facilitated by the first zonal meeting held in Nalchik on August 25, 1960, which considered issues of social and cultural rehabilitation. The subsequent fundamental legal act was the Law on the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples of April 26, 1991.

The article analyzes the assessments of the ruling regime of the Chechen Republic presented in the central periodical press of the Russian Federation between autumn 1991 and spring 1992. The most typical publications that appeared in departmental, democratic, centrist, and opposition periodicals of those years were examined. The most characteristic interviews of General D.M. Dudayev in the press were subjected to a thorough analysis. The perspective of the capital’s mass media on such important issues as the recognition of the Dudayev regime by the Center, the economic situation in the Chechen Republic, as well as its attempt to create its own armed forces and seize weapons from the security structures of the former USSR in Grozny, was also examined. It was concluded that the position of the central mass media on the Chechen issue in 1991–1992 was ambiguous. On the one hand, the press sometimes tried to portray General D. M. Dudayev as the unconditional leader of the Chechen people, a fighter against party bureaucracy, and a potential ally of the Russian authorities in the North Caucasus. On the other hand, leading reputable newspapers and magazines noted the deep economic crisis and the noticeable deterioration of the crime situation in Chechnya, as well as the antiRussian rhetoric of D. M. Dudayev himself. Nevertheless, during this period, the mass media adopted a peaceloving stance and counted on a successful political settlement of the crisis surrounding Chechnya.

This work examines the lexical and grammatical features of loanwords from Turkish into the Kabardino-Circassian language. It is well known that there are no languages or people in the world that have not borrowed words or culture from other people. Kabardino-Circassian, with its numerous loanwords from various languages, is among these. Lexicologists believe that the largest number of loanwords are from Turkish and Arabic, not counting later borrowings from Russian. According to ethnologists, Turkish borrowings began several centuries ago. Given the specific nature of our study, we used a historical-philological method. Since the primary goal is to identify the specific features of vocabulary, grammar, and morphophonology, we also employed a comparative method. The theoretical basis for this work is based on research by renowned Adyghe lexicologists. The results of the study revealed that words from Turkish were borrowed at different times. This is evidenced by the fact that the loanwords relate to various fields: religion, fauna, flora, natural phenomena, household items, beverages, foods, trade and monetary relations, military affairs, and others. Many words from Turkish were borrowed into Kabardino-Circassian, retaining their lexical meaning. However, sometimes a borrowed word acquired a new meaning, and there are instances of homonym formation and polysemy. It is interesting that a derivative word from Turkish is borrowed into Kabardino-Circassian as a single concept. Phonetically and morphologically, borrowed words are subject to the principles of the borrowing language. The analyzed borrowed words are illustrated from the works of famous Kabardian and Circassian writers. It should be noted that research of this kind is extremely important not only for linguistics but also for history, as the vocabulary of a language can shed light on much about the people's past.

The article is associated with the analysis of the vocabulary of the Karachay-Balkar language. In it, the polysemantic axiological adjectival lexeme ariu ʻbeautifulʼ, which has a three-member homonymous paradigm and is used in a number of Turkic languages, is subjected to a multi-aspect analysis. Its functional-semantic and word-formation potential, grammatical features, and representation in various types of floronyms and microtoponyms, as well as anthroponyms denoting female individuals, are identified and described. The paper states that the analyzed word is associated with the archaic notions of beauty relevant to the Karachay-Balkar ethno- and linguistic culture, which have not lost their significance in the present day. The functional and ethnocultural features of the word ariu are more pronounced in the context of paremiological statements. These statements highlight the components that are essential for the ethnic paremiological worldview.

A distinct linguistic variety developed in the Circassian aul of Urupsky (Шъхьащэфыжь) under the influence of various historical processes. The aul was founded during the Caucasian War and became a place of settlement for Circassians from different communities. The name “Urupsky” was officially established by a decision of the assistant head of the Urup District of Kuban Oblast in April 1867. At the same time, some documents and maps refer to the aul as Uarp, the Adyghe name for the Urup River. Traditionally, however, the settlement was-and continues to be-popularly known as “Шъхьащэфыжь.” Abzakh, Temirgoy, Shapsug, and Kabardian Circassians settled there. The local idiom developed by incorporating the dialects of the Circassians living in the aul, primarily those of the Temirgoy and Abzakh, who constituted the majority of its inhabitants. The article draws on field interviews conducted between 2021 and 2024 with respondents from the auls of Uspensky District (Krasnodar Krai, Russia) and Ankara Province (Türkiye). Despite pressure from the state and the effects of globalization, the Circassians of Ankara Province have preserved the linguistic features of their ancestors. The distinctive idiom of the Circassians from the aul of Urupsky can still be traced in the speech of present-day residents of İkizce (Ankara Province, Türkiye). The study documented a number of words characteristic of the local speech. It should be noted that the phonological system, grammatical structure, and vocabulary of the Urup idiom largely correspond to those of Standard Adyghe. In the diaspora, the idiom acquired features common to the Circassians of Türkiye while retaining its own distinctive characteristics.

The article comprehensively studies the nominative features of Turkic geobotanical names based on the material of the Karachay-Balkar and Kumyk languages, formed according to various word-composition models by the adjoining method and the method of coordinating agreement from equal elements. It examines the metaphorical features of lexicalized phrases that are united only by semantic features and common morphological meanings and differ from each other in structural relationships. An analysis of geobotanical phrases shows that “double” names, which appear in nominative-common and term-forming meanings, lose their individual components in some new formations; when combined, they often “shorten their form” (sometimes the first word loses the affix, sometimes the second). Geobotanical phrases, which in some cases act as indecomposable lexical, grammaticalized and phraseological units, testify to the lexical-semantic and grammatical transformation of free phrase models.

This article examines lexical and paremiological units with a gastronomic component in the Karachay-Balkar language. Gastronomic names, like other onyms (anthroponyms, hydronyms, ethnonyms, zoonyms, phytonyms, etc.), encode valuable linguistic and cultural information that reflects the historical, geographical, and religious beliefs of an ethnic group. In modern linguistics, metaphor is considered a fundamental mechanism of world perception that reflects the cultural and specific worldview of an ethnic group. In this sense, gastronomic metaphors deserve special attention – transfers of meaning based on images of food and culinary processes. The axiological component of a gastronomic metaphor can be expressed explicitly (an open comparison of a person's external and internal characteristics, their social interactions with food (taste, smell, texture), and cooking processes) or implicitly (a hidden comparison of phenomena with food that is embedded in the structure of language and is not perceived as figurative). The article highlights gastronomic metaphors that describe a person's appearance, character, and moral qualities, social status, emotional state, and attitude towards life in general.

The issues of the connection between language, thinking and the spiritual culture of an ethnic group are both traditional and relevant in modern linguistics. This paper examines the construction of a conceptual model of the concept of "sabiigue" ‘childhood’ in Kabardino-Circassian linguoculture. The research is based on a semantic analysis of the verbalization of the concept "sabiigue" ‘childhood’, which is a single category that includes linguistic units present in the consciousness of each individual, which describes the core of the concept, the near and far periphery based on the identified conceptual features. As is well known, a concept is one of the key categories in cognitive linguistics, which studies cognitive processes and their way of expression. Language, as a tool for studying mental activity, cognitive systems, and signs, is the main way of perceiving and processing information in the mind. This study reveals the diverse representation of the concept "sabiigue" ‘childhood’ in the Kabardian-Cherkessian linguistic culture.

The relevance of the present study is due to the need to present the main provisions of the work by the Hungarian Orientalist Wilhelm Pröhle, "Balkarische Studien," which is dedicated to the description of the Balkar idiom, including a section on the phonetics of the Cherek dialect. Researchers of the Karachay-Balkar language often refer to this publication by W. Pröhle in their works without having a detailed understanding of its content.

The material for the study consists of the information presented in the aforementioned work concerning phonetic phenomena in the Cherek dialect of the Balkar idiom. To date, this work remains the sole scientific source in foreign linguistics on this dialect, and its material has not been translated into Russian.

The article provides the first detailed analysis in domestic linguistics of the theoretical interpretation of phonetic phenomena of the Cherek dialect, obtained from informants at the level of colloquial realization of linguistic material at the beginning of the 20th century. Special attention is paid to the general provisions of the phonetic composition of the dialect under study, important characteristics of the consonant and vowel systems in terms of oral realization features, phenomena of synharmonism, and positionally conditioned transformations of vowels and consonants.

In this article, based on the results of a psycholinguistic associative survey, the most frequent correlates of the language of agreement in the consciousness of students in the North Caucasus are identified and analyzed. The sample included 400 respondents from Russian and North Caucasian backgrounds. The identified correlates were zonally ranked according to the proposed classification of levels of language consent: explicit, moderate, and mild. It was established that abstract calls for peace, harmony and interethnic dialogue will not work without activating the functional-psychological mechanism of their exteriorization. This mechanism translates hidden internal feelings and attitudes into specific external actions that shape social relations. The model of psychological exteriorization assumes three stages: from internal emotional experience to rational external action. Markers of explicit consent activate a vital axio-emotional reference point in the consciousness of a young person, moderate consent forms universal normative conditions of social connections, and soft consent reveals everyday mechanisms for maintaining consent through social activity and interpersonal attitudes. In general, the identified series of associative correlates indicate social optimism and a healthy moral and psychological atmosphere in the multiethnic student youth environment. Respect is the only correlate included in the associative fields of all three levels of the language of agreement, which indicates a stable intention for dialogue and cooperation with people of different nationalities and religions.

The purpose of this work is a comparative analysis of the verbs of thinking that make up one lexical-semantic group and are the reference points for this single conceptual category of words. Modern semantics in works on lexical-semantic groups considers linguistic units within conceptual categories, including grammatical classes, semantic classification of lexical meanings, such as concrete, abstract, main, secondary, etc. In comparative studies, great importance is given to the thematic and cultural-national specificity of the compared units of one conceptual category. The objectives of the study include the semantic and structural analysis of thinking verbs in different languages, the identification of their cultural and national specifics, and the search for universal and specific characteristics of words. The relevance and scientific novelty of the work lie in the fact that this is the first study to conduct a semantic analysis of the denotative domain in the intellectual sphere using the Kabardian-Cherkess language. The paradigm of Kabardian-Cherkess verbs of intellectual activity has never been covered in the scientific literature. During the analysis, a lexical-semantic field of verbs of thinking is built, which are in various relationships with each other. The comparative analysis is carried out taking into account and against the background of the data of the Russian language, which have received a certain degree of scientific coverage.

This article provides a comparative analysis of one-member sentences in three languages with different structures: Russian, Kabardian-Cherkessian, and English. This sentence type has varying degrees of prevalence in the three languages studied and is more characteristic of certain linguistic styles – fiction and colloquial. The theoretical difficulties linguists face when interpreting one-member sentences are highlighted. These sentences are compared in terms of structure and semantics. The study analyzes 300 examples. The study allowed us to draw a number of conclusions. In Kabardian, the noun in a nominal sentence functions as the principal member (subject) that relies on intonation and case. If the suffix -щ is added to the noun, the sentence becomes predicative. When translating Russian impersonal sentences into Kabardian-Cherkessian, they are often transformed into personal verbal complexes, whose subject does not imply a specific person and is incorporated into the verb structure in the form of the third person singular. Russian one-member sentences are predominantly translated into English as two-member sentences, whereas the translation of these sentences into Kabardian-Cherkessian possesses a number of specific characteristics. A comparative analysis of definite-personal sentences in Russian and Kabardian-Cherkessian revealed that both languages demonstrate a high degree of syntheticity in such sentences. The main difference is that in Russian, the person is determined by an inflection (ending), whereas in Kabardian, it is determined by affixation. The analysis of the translation of one-member sentences from the experimental material into English allows us to conclude that only nominative (nominal) sentences fully correspond to similar Russian sentences and partially to sentences in the Kabardian-Cherkessian language.

The article examines the processes of the formation of librarianship in Kabardino-Balkaria, in particular, the stages of development of the State National Library named after T.K. Malbakhov. An analysis of the Soviet cultural policy in the field of librarianship was carried out. It is noted that the educational mission of Soviet librarianship developed as a form of extracurricular education and political propaganda. The basic form of work of libraries was ideological propaganda aimed at the formation of patriotic education in the spirit of new socialist ideas. There is a great contribution of N.K. Krupskaya in the development of out-of-school education and library network. The main historical stages of the development of the GNB named after T.K. Malbakhov – the period of the cultural revolution (20s-30s), military and post-war periods (40s-50s), 60s-80s. . – the period of socialist construction, the post-Soviet period . – 90 s. – to the present. Research tasks: historical and comparative analysis of the development of library and bibliographic practice of the State Library of the КBR, the study of the main directions of bibliographic practice of the library. In the modern period, state policy in the field of librarianship is focused on new methods of library work with funds and readership, including on the Internet. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the State Library of the KBR named after T.K. Malbakhov, as an important information, cultural and leisure center, performs the main functions in the preservation and development of culture and education in the republic: manages and manages the processes of coordinating the library network; provides methodological assistance to the libraries of the republic; ensures the stability of the system of library and bibliographic services for the population of the КBR.

The review analyzes the first comprehensive edition of the folklore heritage of the Stavropol Turkmens, a diaspora group compactly residing in the North Caucasus since the mid-19th century. The book, prepared by G. M. Akkochkarova (Sandzhieva) on the basis of long-term field research (2012–2025), presents a systematized corpus of proverbs, sayings, blessings, songs, and ritual texts in the local dialect with parallel translation into Russian and an extensive dictionary appendix. The review evaluates the author-compiler's methodological approaches, the source base, the genre diversity of the material, as well as the scholarly and practical significance of the work for Caucasian studies, folklore studies, and dialectology. Special attention is paid to the documentation of rare ritual forms (sharamazan), ethnographic descriptions of economic practices, and the role of digital technologies in contemporary fieldwork. It is concluded that the work fills a significant gap in the ethnography of the Caucasus and serves as an important tool for preserving intangible cultural heritage under conditions of linguistic assimilation.