kbsuЭлектронный журнал «Кавказология»Kavkazologiya2542-212XКБГУ10.31143/2542-212X-2020-2-12-49UYCRCYkbsu-486Research ArticleОбщие проблемы регионального развитияCommon problems of regional developmentКАВКАЗ: КАМЕШЕК В ЖЕРНОВАХ ВСЕМИРНОЙ ИСТОРИИTHE CAUCASUS: A ROCK IN THE GRINDING WHEELS OF WORLD HISTORYДЕРЛУГЬЯНГ. М.DERLUGUIANG. M.GD44@nyu.eduНью-Йоркский университет Абу-ДабиОбъединенные Арабские ЭмиратыNew York University Abu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates202026052025021249Copyright © ДЕРЛУГЬЯН Г.М., 20202020ДЕРЛУГЬЯН Г.М.DERLUGUIAN G.M.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.caucasology.ru/jour/article/view/486

Горные хребты, закупорившие перешеек между Каспийским и Черным морями, делают Кавказ отдельным историко-географическим регионом. С эпохи Бронзы здесь сохранялись эндемичные народы, лишь минимально ассимилированные как древними цивилизациями Передней Азии, так и кочевым миром степей Евразии. Отсюда метафора Уильяма МакНила: камешек в жерновах истории. Кавказ участвовал в древних и средневековых миросистемах в основном как полупериферия, поставлявшая в центры мигрантов в виде воинов-наемников, торговцев и ремесленников, а также рабов различного статуса. Современная капиталистическая миросистема привела к трансформации Кавказа еще даже до включения в Российскую империю. Сельхозкультуры индейцев Америки (особенно кукуруза и фасоль) в XVII-XIX вв. произвели на Кавказе демографический взрыв. Одновременно, ружья и пистолеты, вскоре успешно воспроизведенные местными умельцами, изменили баланс сил между конными аристократами и простолюдинами. Успех крестьянских восстаний идеологически консолидировался исламом самого раннего, до-имперского образца. Парадоксально, модернизация Кавказа воспроизвела также коллизии, аналогичные возникновению полиса Древней Греции и Рима. Кукуруза, винтовки и горская демократия сделали присоединение Северного Кавказа самым дорогостоящим из завоеваний Российской империи. Даже массовое выселение горцев в 1860-х с заменой их фермерами-поселенцами и казаками не создало устойчиво капиталистического развития, породив аграрные конфликты, вылившиеся в Гражданскую войну и сталинскую коллективизацию. Этнические конфликты, сегодня приведшие к национальной консолидации карты Кавказа, восходят именно к недооцененным противоречиям ранней модернизации региона.

The maze of high mountain ridges blocking the isthmus between the Black and Caspian seas renders the Caucasus a separate historical-geographical region. Since Bronze Age, it harbored endemic human populations with their peculiar languages that resisted assimilation from both the agrarian civilizations of Near East and the waves of nomadic invasions sweeping the Eurasian Steppes. Hence William McNeill’s metaphor of a ‘rock in the grinding wheels of history’. The Caucasus, however, has participated in the succession of ancient and medieval world-systems mostly as semi-periphery sending its inhabitants to the core as mercenaries, traders, or slaves. The modern world-system transformed the Caucasus even before incorporating it. First, new American crops (esp. maize) produced demographic explosion. Next, firearms successfully imitated by local gunsmiths shifted the balance of power from mounted knights to commoners. The spread of militant Islam in its original, pre-imperial forms, paradoxically, was the ideological consequence of early modernization and its social revolution in the North Caucasus. The demise of medieval mounted aristocracy enabled by firearms in the hands of commoners recapitulated in a very different context the armed democratizations of Ancient Greece and Rome. Maize, guns, and mountaineer democracy made the incorporation of the Caucasus by imperial Russia its costliest colonial conquest in material and human terms. The consequences reach into our days through ethno-nationalist conflicts that forcefully homogenized the ethnic map of the region.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.